GNSS Mobile Base Station and Data Collector with Electronic Leveling and Hands-Free Data Collection

ABSTRACT

A GNSS data collection system includes a pole mounted GNSS receiver and inclination sensors. A data collection module provides a data collection graphical user interface (GUI) visible on a hand-held data collector computer. The data collector computer is communicably coupled to the GNSS receiver and receives three-dimensional location data and inclination data for the range pole in real-time. A virtual level component uses the inclination data to display on the GUI real-time tilt information in the form of a virtual bubble level indicator. The inclination data and height of the range pole are used to calculate and display horizontal distance and direction to level the GNSS receiver.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority to and is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/129,106, entitled GNSS Mobile Base Station and Data Collector with Electronic Leveling and Hands-Free Data Collection, filed on Sep. 12, 2018, which is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/730,900, (now U.S. Pat. No. 10,101,459) entitled GNSS Mobile Base Station and Data Collector with Electronic Leveling, filed on Jun. 4, 2015, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/008,933, entitled GNSS Mobile Base Station and Data Collector with Electronic Leveling, filed on Jun. 6, 2014, the contents all of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all purposes.

BACKGROUND Technical Field

This invention relates to GNSS surveying, and more particularly to a mobile base station and data collector with electronic leveling to facilitate automated data capture.

Background Information

The USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a system of satellites that provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage. It allows small electronic receivers to determine their location (longitude, latitude, and altitude) to high precision using time signals transmitted along a line of sight by radio from satellites. GNSS is commonly used for various navigation and surveying functions.

Differential grade GNSS equipment differ from commercial grade GPS units by incorporating higher quality antennas and implementing differential corrections that greatly improve the accuracy of the location determination. Differential grade GNSS equipment incorporating high quality antennas can receive information from a greater number of satellites at once, some can receive information from the satellites in several frequencies (L1 and L2), and some can receive information from satellites in different satellite systems (primarily GPS and GLONASS). Differential grade antennas receive corrections from either a satellite based augmentation system (SBAS) or ground based augmentation systems (GBAS). The accuracy of the SBAS and the GBAS corrections depends on the type of system being used and the user's location in relationship to the system's coverage. In addition, differential grade units typically have higher quality mapping software designed to map features using points, lines, and polygons.

As mentioned, a significant aspect of differential-grade GNSS systems is their ability to apply differential corrections to positions. There are several different ways to apply these corrections. One method is to post-process the data after it is collected with data from a nearby base station, however, real time corrections, e.g., using an RTK (Real Time Kinetic) base station, are more commonly used. The types of real-time corrections that can be used depend upon the particular device being used.

Accuracy of differential-grade GNSS units varies depending upon the type of differential correction applied and the quality of the GNSS receiver and antenna (type, quality, and the number of satellite and frequencies that can be received), with external antennas typically providing the best results.

Survey Grade GNSS Equipment

Survey-grade GNSS receivers typically record the full-wavelength carrier phase and signal strength of the L1 and L2 frequencies and track at least eight satellites simultaneously on parallel channels. The antennas used for GNSS survey applications should have stable phase centers and be designed to minimize multipath interference. Survey grade GNSS equipment also include fixed-height, accurately leveled tripods 10 and roving range poles 12, e.g., for RTK procedures, such as shown in FIG. 1.

Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) Procedures

Kinematic is a term applied to GPS surveying methods where receivers are in continuous motion, although for relative positioning the more typical arrangement is a stop and go technique. As shown in FIG. 1, this approach involves using at least one stationary reference receiver/tripod 10 and at least one moving receiver called a rover or roving range pole/receiver 12. RTK procedures do not require post-processing of the data to obtain a position solution. Rather, a radio at the reference receiver 10 broadcasts the position of the reference position to the roving receivers 12. This allows for real-time surveying in the field and allows the surveyor to check the quality of the measurements without having to process the data. It is noted that conventional approaches require both the reference receiver/tripod 10 and the roving pole 12 to be properly leveled during data capture in order to provide desired accuracy. This leveling is conventionally provided by the use of conventional bubble levels mounted on the poles of devices 10, 12. This conventional leveling approach generally suffices for the tripod 10 due to its stationary use. However, this approach tends to be cumbersome for the rover 12, because it generally requires the user to stop, observe the bubble level on the pole in order to move the pole to proper vertical orientation, and then hold the pole in position while looking away from the pole to a data collector to capture the data. This leveling process is repeated at each data collection location throughout the work site. A need exists for an improved system and method to facilitate leveling of RTK rovers and related GNSS equipment and/or to otherwise improve RTK data collection.

SUMMARY

In one aspect of the invention, a GNSS data collection system includes a pole mounted GNSS receiver configured to generate three-dimensional location data. A plurality of inclination sensors disposed in operative engagement with the GNSS receiver, are configured to generate inclination data for the range pole along mutually orthogonal x and y axes. A hand-held data collector computer includes a data collection module configured to generate a data collection graphical user interface (GUI) visible on a display of the collector computer. The data collector computer is communicably coupled to the GNSS receiver and configured to receive the three-dimensional location data and the inclination data for the range pole in real-time. A virtual level component uses the inclination data to display on the GUI real-time tilt information for the range pole in the form of a virtual bubble level indicator. The virtual level component uses the inclination data along with the height (i.e., length) of the range pole to calculate and display a horizontal distance and direction to move the top of the range pole to level the GNSS receiver, wherein the horizontal distance is calculated using the formula:

incline=sqrt(xtilt*xtilt+ytilt*ytilt)

where,

-   -   xtilt=the inclination data for the range pole along the x axis,     -   ytilt=the inclination data for the range pole along the y axis,         and

horizontaldistancefromlevel=rh*sin(incline)

where,

-   -   rh=the height of the range pole.

In another aspect of the invention, a method is provided for producing a GNSS data collection system, the method includes providing a pole mounted GNSS receiver for generating three-dimensional location data, including a plurality of inclination sensors configured to generate inclination data for the range pole along mutually orthogonal x and y axes. A hand-held data collector computer includes a data collection module configured to generate a data collection graphical user interface (GUI) visible on a display of the computer. The data collector computer is communicably coupled to the GNSS receiver so that the data collector receives the three-dimensional location data and the inclination data for the range pole in real-time. A virtual level component, implemented by the data collector computer, is configured to use the inclination data to display on the GUI real-time tilt information for the range pole in the form of a virtual bubble level indicator. The virtual level component is configured to use the inclination data along with the height (i.e., length) of the range pole to calculate and display with the GUI, a horizontal distance and direction to move the top of the range pole to level the GNSS receiver, wherein the horizontal distance is calculated using the formula:

incline=sqrt(xtilt*xtilt+ytilt*ytilt)

where,

-   -   xtilt=the inclination data for the range pole along the x axis,     -   ytilt=the inclination data for the range pole along the y axis,         and

horizontaldistancefromlevel=rh*sin(incline)

where,

-   -   rh=the height of the range pole.

The features and advantages described herein are not all-inclusive and, in particular, many additional features and advantages will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of the drawings, specification, and claims. Moreover, it should be noted that the language used in the specification has been principally selected for readability and instructional purposes, and not to limit the scope of the inventive subject matter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements and in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a GNSS Real Time Kinetic data collection system of the prior art;

FIG. 2 is a schematic view of a display in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a perspective view of elements of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 4 is an elevational view of another element of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a perspective view, on a reduced scale, of the elements of FIG. 3;

FIG. 6A is a view of a graphical user interface display of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 6B is a schematic elevational view of an embodiment of the present invention with coordinate axes;

FIG. 6C is schematic plan view of an embodiment of the present invention with coordinate axes;

FIG. 7 is a view of a display of a graphical user interface of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a view of a display of a graphical user interface of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a view of a display of a graphical user interface of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 10 is a view of a display of a graphical user interface of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 11 is a view of a display of a graphical user interface of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of one embodiment of a computer system usable with embodiments of the present invention;

FIG. 13 is a view of a display of a graphical user interface of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 14 is a view of a display of a graphical user interface of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 15 is a view of a display of a graphical user interface of an embodiment of the present invention;

FIG. 16 is a view of an embodiment of the present invention during use; and

FIG. 17 is a view of an embodiment of the present invention during use.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings that form a part hereof, and in which is shown by way of illustration, specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. These embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable those skilled in the art to practice the invention, and it is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized. It is also to be understood that structural, procedural and system changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. In addition, well-known structures, circuits and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure the understanding of this description. The following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

As used in the specification and in the appended claims, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. For example, reference to “an analyzer” includes a plurality of such analyzers. In another example, reference to “an analysis” includes a plurality of such analyses.

Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. All terms, including technical and scientific terms, as used herein, have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs unless a term has been otherwise defined. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning as commonly understood by a person having ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and the present disclosure. Such commonly used terms will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless the disclosure herein expressly so defines otherwise.

Briefly described, embodiments of the present invention include a GNSS rover including a pole mounted GNSS receiver 20, and a hand-held data collector 24, in which the data collector captures and displays real-time tilt information for the GNSS receiver in the form of a virtual bubble level indicator on a Graphical User Interface (GUI) 28 (FIGS. 3&5). As shown in FIG. 2, the GUI 28 displays a tolerance bubble 114 relative to a circle (leveling viewer) 110 corresponding to a target position. The bubble 114 moves in real-time as the range pole 22 (FIGS. 3&5) supporting the GNSS receiver is tilted. If the bubble is “inside” the circle, then the pole is sufficiently oriented (e.g., within tolerance) for desired accuracy, and data collection may commence. In the example shown, the bubble turns green or otherwise indicates proper pole orientation. As also shown, when the bubble is outside the circle, the pole position is out of tolerance, and may be turned red or may otherwise alert the user than data should not be collected until the position of the pole is properly oriented. In particular embodiments, the system is configured to selectively capture and prevent the capture of data depending on the orientation of the pole, e.g., automatically capturing data when the pole is properly oriented, and preventing data capture when the orientation of the pole is out of tolerance. Moreover, as discussed in greater detail hereinbelow, the GUI 28 displays the horizontal distance and direction the pole may be moved to level the GNSS receiver.

In the following description, for purposes of explanation, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the present invention. It will be evident, however, to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without these specific details.

As used herein, the terms “computer” and “end-user device” are meant to encompass a workstation, personal computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), wireless telephone, or any other suitable computing device including a processor, a computer readable medium upon which computer readable program code (including instructions and/or data) may be disposed, and a user interface. The term “real-time” refers to sensing and responding to external events nearly simultaneously (e.g., within milliseconds or microseconds) with their occurrence, or without intentional delay, given the processing limitations of the system and the time required to accurately respond to the inputs.

Terms such as “component,” or “module”, and the like are intended to refer to a computer-related entity, either hardware, a combination of hardware and software, software, or software in execution. For example, a module or component may be, but is not limited to being, a process running on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a thread of execution, a program, and a computer. By way of illustration, both an application running on a server and the server (or control related devices) can be modules. One or more modules may reside within a process and/or thread of execution and a module may be localized on one computer and/or distributed between two or more computers or control devices.

Programming Languages

The system and method embodying the present invention can be programmed in any suitable language and technology, such as, but not limited to: C++; Visual Basic; Java; VBScript; Jscript; BCMAscript; DHTM1; XML and CGI. Alternative versions may be developed using other programming languages including, Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), Active ServerPages (ASP) and Javascript. Any suitable database technology can be employed, such as, but not limited to, Microsoft SQL Server or IBM AS 400.

Referring now to the figures, embodiments of the present invention will be more thoroughly described. GNSS is used to survey new points (gathering data for topographical maps and as-built maps) and for staking out known or computed points (typically for construction but also for property corners). Those skilled in the art will recognize that as used herein, a “point” refers to a particular location specified in two or three dimensions, such as along X, Y and Z axes in a Cartesian coordinate system. These operations may be accomplished using the RTK approach discussed hereinabove with respect to FIG. 1.

Turning to FIGS. 3-5, particular embodiments of the present invention include a GNSS receiver 20, such as the BRx5 Mobile Base Station (FIGS. 3&5) available from Carlson Software, Inc. of Maysville, Ky., USA (“Carlson”), mounted on top of a range pole 22 (FIGS. 3&5). These embodiments also include a data collector 24 (FIG. 4) in the form of a handheld computer such as the Carlson Supervisor™ Rugged Tablet PC, running surveying data collection software (data collection module) 26 such as SurvCE®, both of which are available from Carlson. The receiver 20 includes integral electronic tilt sensors, which provide a reading of the tilt on the instrument on two axes, (left-right, and forward-back, sometimes called pitch and yaw, or simply tilt along the x and y axes as shown in FIG. 6C). Examples of such tilt sensors include the CarlsonDual Axis/Angular Sensor, available from Carlson. The instrument 20 transmits these x-y tilt readings to the data collector (e.g., handheld computer) 24. The data collector receives the tilt readings, along with the positional data (latitude, longitude, elevation, etc.) from the GNSS receiver 20. The data collection module 26 (e.g., SurvCE software) uses these x-y tilt measurements along with the length of the range pole 22 (e.g., the pole height as shown in FIG. 6B) to calculate the horizontal distance by which the receiver 20 is out of level. It should be recognized that in particular embodiments, module 26 does not merely calculate and display the x-y tilt measurements as angular values, i.e., as the angular degree of tilt (z angle, FIG. 6B) along the x and y axes relative to vertical. Rather, module 26 uses the captured tilt data, along with the length of the pole 22 supporting the receiver 20, to calculate the horizontal distance and direction of movement required to level the GNSS receiver 20. These values are displayed to the user on GUI 28, e.g., graphically, in the form of the e-bubble level of FIGS. 7-9, and/or numerically, by virtual level component 27 (e.g., of the SurvCE software). This distance information may also be stored with captured raw data, e.g., in memory 304/306 (FIG. 12) of data collector 24, for Quality Control/Quality Assurance or post-processing.

In particular embodiments, the formula shown in the following pseudo code I is used to calculate the horizontal distance from level, and whether the range pole/tilt bubble is within tolerance:

Pseudo Code I input: Current XTilt: xtilt Current YTilt: ytilt User configured tolerance in meters: tol; RodHeight: rh Pseudo Code: incline = sqrt(xtilt*xtilt+ytilt*ytilt); distancefromlevel = rh * sin(incline); if(distancefromlevel > tol) then do not allow the reading to be stored.

This approach makes the e-bubble more useful in the field than conventional approaches that either fail to quantify the extent to which the device is out of level, or simply provide angle (inclination) information rather than horizontal distance information. This has a number of potential advantages:

-   -   Tolerance based on horizontal distance from the level (vertical)         position, rather than simply angle measurements, enables         compensation for different length poles, to provide greater         accuracy than prior analog approaches that do not compensate for         pole length.     -   The operator only has to look at the data collector for both         data collection and leveling functions, rather than repeatedly         looking back and forth between a data collector and a         pole-mounted bubble level.     -   The data collection module may calculate/correct accurate         position data when the range pole is not exactly vertical.     -   Provides for an Auto-by-Interval feature, in which data may be         automatically captured once the range pole is within level         tolerance, e.g., after a predetermined distance or time         interval. This should improve surveyor productivity and/or         safety, by permitting users to watch their surroundings, e.g.,         oncoming traffic when surveying roadways, etc., rather than         looking at a pole-mounted level. Moreover, an enhanced version         of the Auto-by-Interval (Auto-Store) feature facilitates         automatic data capture without any button presses by         automatically reducing the incidence clustered data capture,         i.e., unwanted data captures clustered around a particular         location.     -   Provides for use of audible signals, such as beeps than change         frequency as the pole approaches level (similar to a Geiger         counter or metal detector).     -   Provides for setting a maximum allowable tolerance for the         distance the receiver is out of vertical and will signal the         user and/or refuse to store points if the instrument is beyond         the tolerance. This tends to improve the quality of data         collected.     -   The GUI provides an uncluttered, easy to read analog-style         interface along with level tolerance information, with tolerance         in the form of distance from level rather than angles, to permit         auto-by-interval surveying and improved accuracy of survey data         collection. A pre-programmed calibration routine also         compensates for vibrations and other aberrations.

Turning now to FIGS. 6-11, various aspects of the bubble level display are shown and described in greater detail. As shown in FIG. 6A, GUI 28 includes a new and easy to use Leveling Tolerance Management screen 100, which displays tolerances 102 in linear units (meters or feet). Tolerance 102 represents the maximum horizontal deviation of the GNSS 20 from the vertical (level) position, taking into consideration the position of the Antenna Phase center (which is dependent on the current pole height and antenna L1 offset). Those skilled in the art will recognize that the Antenna Phase center will be offset from the top of the pole to an extent that will vary, in part, depending on the particular make and model of GNSS 20. Therefore, for ease of explication, the discussion herein will assume that the Antenna Phase center is located in the GNSS at the top of the range pole 22, with the understanding that measurements involving the pole length (height) are intended to encompass the pole height plus the actual antenna L1 offset. Tolerances for other GPS variables such as HSDV (Horizontal Standard Deviation), VSDV (Vertical Standard Deviation), PDOP (Position Dilution of Precision, i.e., amount of error), and Stakeout Tolerance, may also be entered as shown at 103, 104, 105 and 106, respectively. Moreover, those skilled in the art will recognize that in particular embodiments, HRMS (Horizontal Root Mean Square) and VRMS (Vertical Root Mean Square) may be used in lieu of HSDV and VSDV, respectively.

The linear level tolerance is shown relative to the GNSS 20 at 102 of FIG. 6C. And as shown in FIG. 6B, in accordance with the pseudo code shown above, the entered level tolerance 102 (FIG. 6A), along with the length (pole height) of the range pole 22, corresponds to a maximum angular inclination value (z max). In particular embodiments, inclinations of the range pole (z angle) beyond z max/tolerance 102 will generate a warning such as shown in FIG. 11.

Turning now to FIGS. 7-9, GUI 28 includes an Accurate Electronic Leveling Device (Leveling Viewer) which in some respects, emulates conventional spherical-glass bubble levels used on range poles, by providing a:

-   -   Leveling viewer (fixed black circle) 110; and     -   A Tolerance e-Bubble (small moving green/red circle) 114 to         advise the user when the verticality requested is acquired         before storing the new point.         And, unlike a conventional bubble level, the Leveling Viewer         also includes a High-Precision e-Bubble (blue moving circle) 112         for fine leveling adjustment.

Operation of these features, including “Best Leveling”, “In Tolerance” and “Out of Tolerance” conditions, are shown in FIGS. 7, 8 and 9, respectively. In FIG. 7, the Blue High-Precision e-bubble 112 shows the best concentric match possible within the Leveling Viewer. In FIG. 8, the Tolerance bubble 114 shows Green and is fully inside the Leveling viewer, to indicate that while the pole 22 is not in optimal position, it is still within tolerance and therefore acceptable for data collection. In FIG. 9, the Tolerance bubble 114 is Red and extends at least partially outside the Leveling viewer, indicating that data should not be collected.

Turning now to FIG. 10, in particular embodiments, GUI 28 includes Auto-Adaptable Leveling Sensibility, in which the in-graphics relation of pixel/resolution to tilt-angle changes depending on: Current user-defined Leveling Tolerance; Current user-defined Antenna height (L1 offset automatically included); and On screen Graphics size and resolution. This means that the lower the tolerance setting, the higher the sensitivity perceived by the user. It should be recognized that the same tolerance setting makes leveling more sensitive when using higher poles 22, in order to preserve the Maximum Linear Deviation (millimeter or inches) set by the user. During use of the leveling function, whenever the pole 22 is tilted too much, the user may be advised by: the Tolerance Bubble not showing, and/or the Hi-Precision Bubble 112 getting “locked” at the maximum deviation, while remaining visible on the screen and located on the screen in the direction of tilt of the pole, so the user can easily identify the direction of movement required to bring the pole back into the vertical position.

As shown in FIG. 11, various embodiments may include a Leveling Tolerance Check screen 120 implemented in Store Points and Stakeout modes of operation. Similar to the “Stakeout Tolerance Check”, the software will warn the user and wait for his validation before storing a point when the current tilt of the pole exceeds the tolerance set by the user.

Exemplary applications for these embodiments may include:

Gathering Data/Surveying

(1) The user sets a tolerance 102 (FIG. 6A) for the level bubble (e.g., 2 centimeters) and then stores only when the bubble is within tolerance. If the green circle 114 is inside the larger circle (leveling viewer 110), the system is within tolerance. (Note that the outer black circle 110 is the same size no matter how close we are zoomed in or how far we are zoomed out—we could be seeing a screen of 8′×10′ or 80′×100′, this GUI screen still operates similarly.) (2) In the command Auto-by-Interval, data may be automatically captured at a 10 meter horizontal interval distance or by time (e.g., every 5 seconds). In particular embodiments, the system will automatically prevent data from being captured at the desired interval if the GNSS 20/range pole 22 is tilted beyond tolerance 102. No button pressing is required, just auto-detection of the system being within tolerance 102. Optionally, a Geiger counter-like audio clicking or other varying frequency may be used to guide the user to the level condition (beeps faster if more level, then goes single tone when level). In this manner, the system provides for “never look down” surveying, e.g., silence until the system has reached moved at least the required interval, then the system beeps with increasing frequency as the pole is leveled, until emitting a steady tone at which time the location data is captured, then the system is moved forward and the process repeated.

It should also be recognized that in particular embodiments, the Auto-by-Interval feature may be optionally configured to permit data capture any time the GNSS is within tolerance 102, e.g., regardless of whether or not a particular distance or time interval as passed. This option provides experienced users with greater flexibility, such as to enable data to be captured based on local topography without being constrained by other intervals. For example, a user could move to the top of a ridge or other topographical feature, and then level the pole to automatically capture data. It should also be recognized that any of these Auto-by-Interval features, whether or not the aforementioned audio feature is used, provides for “never look down” or simply “no distraction” data capture, to advantageously permit users to focus their attention on other matters, such as local vehicular traffic when surveying roadways, etc., for increased user safety relative to conventional approaches which require users to focus on pole-mounted levels during data capture.

(3) Using the inclination (tilt) data, particular embodiments may provide data correction, to enable data collection even when the pole is tilted beyond tolerance. For example, the tilt data may be used in combination with directional data (e.g., provided by an electronic compass or magnetometer), to compute position based on tilt angle and azimuth of the tilt. In this example, a directional sensor in addition to the tilt sensors is used to provide data correction, namely, to enable data collection even when the pole is tilted beyond tolerance. The pseudo code shown above, along with the directional information provided by the electronic compass, may be used to calculate and store the position “A” (FIG. 6B) corresponding to the vertical elevation of GNSS 20 above the bottom B of range pole 22. So while some aspects of the invention include capturing and storing position data when within tolerance, this alternate variation includes capturing and storing position data after adjusting it using the tilt and direction data. (4) The tilt information may be stored along with the position data, for post-processing and quality control/assurance.

Staking Out

(1) When staking out a point list, without touching the keyboard, the user walks to the next point in order, or next closest point, and when the rover detects that it is at that point, it auto-stores once level (i.e., within the level tolerance 102). The user may thus stakeout without touching the keyboard, based on meeting position and level tolerance, i.e., tolerance-based stakeout without button presses. (2) The above option applies to staking out a single point—move to it, get level, point is measured. No button press. So the key here is staking without touching the data collector—with preset option to store the staked point (also to go into the raw file, confirming tolerance data) or just providing screen notification for hammering the stake into the ground at that point.

FIG. 12 shows a diagrammatic representation of a machine in the exemplary form of a computer system 300 within which a set of instructions, for causing the machine to perform any one of the methodologies discussed above, may be executed. In alternative embodiments, the machine may include a network router, a network switch, a network bridge, Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a cellular telephone, a web appliance or any machine capable of executing a sequence of instructions that specify actions to be taken by that machine.

The computer system 300 includes a processor 302, a main memory 304 and a static memory 306, which communicate with each other via a bus 308. The computer system 300 may further include a video display unit 310 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD), plasma, cathode ray tube (CRT), etc.). The computer system 300 may also include an alpha-numeric input device 312 (e.g., a keyboard or touchscreen), a cursor control device 314 (e.g., a mouse), a drive (e.g., disk, flash memory, etc.,) unit 316, a signal generation device 320 (e.g., a speaker) and a network interface device 322.

The drive unit 316 includes a computer-readable medium 324 on which is stored a set of instructions (i.e., software) 326 embodying any one, or all, of the methodologies described above. The software 326 is also shown to reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory 304 and/or within the processor 302. The software 326 may further be transmitted or received via the network interface device 322. For the purposes of this specification, the term “computer-readable medium” shall be taken to include any medium that is capable of storing or encoding a sequence of instructions for execution by the computer and that cause the computer to perform any one of the methodologies of the present invention, and as further described hereinbelow.

Turning now to FIGS. 13-17, additional aspects of the present invention are shown and described. These additional aspects may be used with any of the embodiments disclosed herein. An enhanced Auto-Store feature enables the user to setup the system to automatically store a point each time the system detects that the GPS is level (using the internal tilt sensor) for a specified minimum amount of time. In particular embodiments, this feature requires a minimum distance (also user-selectable) between two consecutive points, to prevent it from storing data points repeatedly once the GPS is level. This minimum distance requirement facilitates the aforementioned buttonless data capture, by avoiding clustered data stores, as described in greater detail hereinbelow. This enhanced Auto-Store feature thus facilitates buttonless data capture, by which the user simply moves from point to point and levels the system to automatically capture and store data without the need to press any buttons.

In particular embodiments, the formula shown in the following pseudo code II is used to calculate the tilt/horizontal distance from level, and whether the range pole/tilt bubble is within the tilt, time and distance tolerances:

Pseudo Code II  While(routine is running)  {   ReadCurrentGPSPosition(X,Y,Z);   ReadCurrentTiltSensorValue(x_tilt, y_tilt);   incline = acos(cos(xtilt)*cos(ytilt));   //If we are out of level, mark the time   if(incline > tilt_tolerance)    time_last_out_of_level = current time;   if((current_time − time_last_out_of level) > time_tolerance)   {    If(distance between current position and last stored position) > distance_tolerance)    {     StorePoint( );    }   }  }

Moreover, various embodiments may also include an accuracy enhancement feature (accuracy module) in which the system captures the aforementioned cluster data, once the predetermined level and time parameters are within tolerance. In other words, the system captures point data during the time that the receiver has been within level tolerance for the minimum period of time, but has not yet reached the distance tolerance and/or minimum distance interval requirement. The system monitors this captured data and once the distance tolerance and/or distance interval has been reached, will store data for the point deemed to be the most accurate, namely, the point data having the smallest incline from vertical (e.g., as determined by the e-bubble level, FIGS. 7-9, and/or by virtual level component 27, FIG. 4). A formula implementing this feature is shown in the following pseudo code III:

Pseudo Code III  GPSReading most_level_reading; //this is a struct that contains: lat, lon, elev, xtilt, ytilt, etc.  double incline_best_reading = HUGE;  While(routine is running)  {    ReadCurrentGPSPosition(lat, lon, elevation);    ReadCurrentTiltSensorValue(x_tilt, y_tilt);    incline = acos(cos(xtilt)*cos(ytilt));    //If we are out of level, mark the time    if(incline > tilt_tolerance)    {    time_last_out_of_level = current time;    }    else    {    if(incline < incline_best_reading)   {     //Keep track of the best reading during the time that we are within tolerance     incline_best_reading = incline;     most_level_reading = current GPS Position;   }    }   if((current_time − time_last_out_of_level) > time_tolerance)    {     If(distance between current position and last stored position) > distance_tolerance)     {      StorePoint(most_level_reading); //store the best reading of the set     }    }  }

This enhanced Auto-by-Interval feature thus automatically captures and stores once the range pole is within level, distance and time tolerances. This tends to improve surveyor productivity and/or safety, by permitting users to watch their surroundings, e.g., oncoming traffic when surveying roadways, etc., rather than looking at a pole-mounted level. Moreover, the accuracy enhancement feature provides for relatively high accuracy while maintaining a relatively low processing burden on the system by capturing cluster data and then storing only the most accurate data within the cluster.

Turning now to FIGS. 13-17, various aspects of the enhanced Auto-Store and the enhanced accuracy features are shown and described in greater detail.

As discussed hereinabove with regard to FIG. 6A, the user may actuate the Leveling Tolerance Management screen 100 and enter a desired value for level tolerance 102 (shown in pseudo code I as “tilt_tolerance”. As discussed, this level (tilt) tolerance corresponds to the amount of incline that the software will allow before declaring “out of tilt” (FIG. 9), and is expressed in horizontal distance, factoring in the pole height.

As shown in FIG. 13, the user may then actuate the Auto Store by Interval screen 400, which includes fields within which the user may enter various Auto Store tolerances. For example, time tolerance (“time_tolerance” in pseudo code II), is entered into time field 402. This is the amount of time which the software will require the receiver to be within the tilt tolerance before automatically storing a point.

The distance tolerance (“dist_tolerance” in pseudo code II) is entered in field 404. This is the minimum distance of movement required between two consecutive stored points. This tolerance prevents multiple points from storing once the device is within the aforementioned level and time tolerances, i.e., to help prevent the system from storing clusters of points when the system is being used in the Auto-Store mode of automatically storing data once the system is leveled. This automatic level functionality may be actuated by the user selecting level button 412 as shown.

As also shown, embodiments of screen 400 include additional fields that may be filled by the user to engage in optional modes of data collection. For example, a minimum elapsed time between stored points may be entered into time field 406, and actuated by user selection of time button 411. The functionality provided by this time field 406 may be used in combination with time tolerance field 402 and distance tolerance field 404 to help further reduce the potential for storing clusters of points in close proximity to one another. Thus, in the example shown in FIG. 13, with a time tolerance of 402 of 5 seconds, and a time field entry 406 of 600 seconds, the user would move to a particular location, level the system and wait 5 seconds for a point to be captured and stored. The system would then wait 600 seconds, during which time the user may move the system to a new location, before leveling and storing the next point.

Still further, embodiments of screen 400 include optional distance fields 407 and 408 into which users may respectively enter horizontal (X/Y) and vertical (Z) distances. These fields represent minimum distances by which the system would need to be moved before storing subsequent points. In the example shown in FIG. 13, with a time tolerance of 402 of 5 seconds, a time field entry 406 of 600 seconds, and distance entries 407 and 408 of 10 feet, the user would move to a particular location, level the system and wait 5 seconds for a point to be captured and stored. The system would then wait for at least 600 seconds, and movement in horizontal and vertical directions of at least 10 feet, before storing the next point. It should be noted that either or both fields 407 and 408 may be used, so that the system may be configured to require horizontal and/or vertical movement. It should also be recognized that when distance fields 407 and/or 408 and distance tolerance field 404 are all actuated, e.g., when the user selects both distance and level buttons 410 and 412, the larger of the entered distances would need to be satisfied before the system would capture subsequent points.

To describe operation of these enhanced Auto Store and accuracy features in greater detail, once in routine:

-   -   1) As shown in FIG. 14, GUI 28 includes an Auto Interval         Leveling Viewer 500 which is substantially similar to the         Accurate Electronic Leveling Device shown and described         hereinabove with respect to FIGS. 7-9, including Leveling viewer         (fixed black circle) 110 and e-Bubble (small moving circle) 114.         When the e-bubble 114 is Red and extends at least partially         outside the Leveling viewer 110, as shown, the system will not         store any point data.     -   2) As shown in FIG. 15, once the Tolerance bubble 114 is fully         inside the Leveling viewer, as described hereinabove with         respect to FIG. 8, the pole 22 is within level tolerance for         data collection. Once this level tolerance has been reached, and         the time and/or distance parameters of fields 402, 404, 406, 407         and/or 408 have been met (FIG. 13), a point is stored. Note that         in particular embodiments, as described hereinabove, the point         stored will not necessarily be the last reading that was taken,         but will be the most accurate reading during the time period         that the receiver was within level tolerance before the store,         as described above with respect to the accuracy enhancement of         pseudo code III. Optionally, once a point has been stored, a         message may pop up on the Viewer 500, and/or an audible alert         may sound, indicating that the user may “put the pole on his         shoulder”, as shown in FIG. 16, and move to the next location on         the site to repeat the process to capture and store a subsequent         point. Moreover, as discussed, the Auto Leveling features         discussed herein, including the audible alert, enable the user         to capture and store data while focusing on the surroundings         such as oncoming traffic, as shown in FIG. 17, rather than being         compelled to focus on the system screen for each data capture         and store.

These embodiments, including the enhanced Auto-Store features, represent a significant departure from conventional surveying instruments by enabling the user to efficiently and accurately capture surveying data without having to repeatedly shift attention to the level or to the system screen. This is a fundamental paradigm shift which enables users to focus on the surroundings, such as oncoming vehicular traffic when surveying roadways, etc. Furthermore, embodiments of the present invention include a computer program code-based product, which includes a computer readable storage medium having program code stored therein which can be used to instruct a computer to perform any of the functions, methods and/or modules associated with the present invention. The non-transitory computer readable medium includes any of, but not limited to, the following: CD-ROM, DVD, magnetic tape, optical disc, hard drive, floppy disk, ferroelectric memory, flash memory, phase-change memory, ferromagnetic memory, optical storage, charge coupled devices, magnetic or optical cards, smart cards, EEPROM, EPROM, RAM, ROM, DRAM, SRAM, SDRAM, and/or any other appropriate static, dynamic, or volatile memory or data storage devices, but does not include a transitory signal per se.

The above systems are implemented in various computing environments. For example, the present invention may be implemented on a conventional IBM PC or equivalent, multi-nodal system (e.g., LAN) or networking system (e.g., Internet, WWW, wireless web). All programming and data related thereto are stored in computer memory, static or dynamic or non-volatile, and may be retrieved by the user in any of: conventional computer storage, display (e.g., CRT, flat panel LCD, plasma, etc.) and/or hardcopy (i.e., printed) formats. The programming of the present invention may be implemented by one skilled in the art of computer systems and/or software design.

In the preceding specification, the invention has been described with reference to specific exemplary embodiments for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of this disclosure. It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto.

It should be further understood that any of the features described with respect to one of the embodiments described herein may be similarly applied to any of the other embodiments described herein without departing from the scope of the present invention. 

Having thus described the invention, what is claimed is:
 1. A GNSS data collection system comprising: a GNSS receiver disposed on a range pole, the GNSS receiver configured to generate three-dimensional location data for the GNSS receiver; a plurality of inclination sensors disposed on the range pole in operative engagement with the GNSS receiver, the inclination sensors configured to generate inclination data for the range pole along mutually orthogonal x and y axes; a hand-held data collector computer including a display; a data collection module implemented by the data collector computer, and configured to generate a data collection graphical user interface (GUI) visible on the display; the data collector computer being communicably coupled to the GNSS receiver and configured to receive from the GNSS receiver, the three-dimensional location data and the inclination data for the range pole in real-time; a virtual level component implemented by the data collector computer, configured to use the inclination data to display on the GUI real-time tilt information for the range pole; the data collection module being configured to automatically capture the location data as the system is moved along a site, when the pole is oriented within a predetermined level tolerance of the horizontal distance from level, the captured location data corresponding to a plurality of three-dimensional points; and the data collection module being further configured to store at least a portion of the captured location data, wherein the portion of the captured location data corresponds to points captured at predetermined minimum intervals of distance (distance interval) and time (time interval) relative to one another.
 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising: the virtual level component configured to use the inclination data along with the height of the range pole to calculate and display with the GUI, a horizontal distance and direction to move the top of the range pole to level the GNSS receiver.
 3. The system of claim 2, wherein the virtual level component is configured to calculate the horizontal distance using the formula: incline=sqrt(xtilt*xtilt+ytilt*ytilt) where, xtilt=the inclination data for the range pole along the x axis, ytilt=the inclination data for the range pole along the y axis, and horizontaldistancefromlevel=rh*sin(incline) where, rh=the height of the range pole.
 4. The system of claim 3, further comprising the virtual level component being configured to use the inclination data to display on the GUI real-time tilt information for the range pole in the form of a virtual bubble level indicator.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the collection module is further configured to implement an accuracy module by: dividing the captured location data into clusters of points (cluster data), wherein each of said clusters includes points separated from one another by less than said time interval; and ranking the cluster data in each of said clusters for accuracy.
 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the collection module is further configured to implement the accuracy module by: storing a highest ranking point of each of said clusters, wherein each of said clusters includes points separated from a previously stored point by more than said distance interval.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the accuracy module captures and ranks the points of each cluster using the algorithm: ReadCurrentGPSPosition(lat, lon, elevation); ReadCurrentTiltSensorValue(x_tilt, y_tilt); incline = acos(cos(xtilt)*cos(ytilt)); if(incline > tilt_tolerance); time_last_out_of_level = current time; else if(incline < incline_best_reading); incline_best_reading = incline; most_level_reading = current GPS Position.


8. The system of claim 7, wherein the accuracy module stores a highest ranking point of each of said clusters using the algorithm: if((current_time − time_last_out_of_level) > time_tolerance); If(distance between current position and last stored position) > distance_tolerance); StorePoint(most_level_reading).


9. The system of claim 1, wherein the data collection module is configured to automatically capture the location data as the system is moved along a site, when the pole has been oriented within the predetermined tolerance of the horizontal distance for a predetermined minimum time tolerance.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the GUI is configured to display a bubble relative to a circle corresponding to a target position, with the bubble configured to move in real-time as the range pole supporting the GNSS receiver is tilted.
 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the GUI is configured to selectively display the bubble inside the circle when the pole is oriented within a predetermined tolerance of the horizontal distance from level, and to display at least a portion of the bubble outside the circle when the pole is oriented outside the predetermined tolerance.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the bubble selectively changes color when inside and outside the circle.
 13. The system of claim 11, wherein the data collection module is configured to permit or refuse capture of the location data when the pole is respectively within or outside the predetermined tolerance.
 14. The system of claim 13, wherein the data collection module is configured to automatically capture, without additional user interaction, the location data at predetermined intervals of distance and/or time once the pole is within the predetermined tolerance.
 15. The system of claim 1, further comprising an audio component configured to generate an audible signal configured to guide a user to the predetermined tolerance without requiring the user to view the display.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein the audio component is configured to generate an audible signal that varies in pitch or frequency in accordance with the real-time tilt information.
 17. The system of claim 1, wherein the data collection module is configured to use the inclination data and the height of the range pole to adjust the location data to compensate for any inclination of the range pole, to generate corrected location information for the GNSS Receiver.
 18. The system of claim 17, further comprising at least one directional sensor disposed on the range pole in operative engagement with the GNSS receiver, the directional sensor configured to generate direction data corresponding to the orientation of the GNSS receiver in a horizontal plane, the data collector computer being configured to receive from the GNSS receiver, the direction data for the GNSS receiver in real-time.
 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the directional sensor comprises an electronic compass.
 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the data collection module is configured to use the inclination data and the direction data to adjust the location data to compensate for any inclination of the range pole, to generate the corrected location information for the GNSS Receiver.
 21. The system of claim 20, wherein the data collection module is configured to generate corrected location information for the GNSS receiver when the pole is tilted outside a predetermined tolerance.
 22. The system of claim 1, wherein the data collection module is configured to capture and store the inclination data and location data for post-processing.
 23. A method for producing a GNSS data collection system, the method comprising: (a) providing a GNSS receiver configured for being disposed at the top of a range pole, the GNSS receiver configured to generate three-dimensional location data for the GNSS receiver; (b) providing a plurality of inclination sensors in operative engagement with the GNSS receiver, the inclination sensors configured to generate inclination data for the range pole along mutually orthogonal x and y axes; (c) providing a hand-held data collector computer including a display; (d) configuring a data collection module, implemented by the data collector computer, to generate a data collection graphical user interface (GUI) visible on the display; (e) communicably coupling the data collector computer to the GNSS receiver and configuring the data collector to receive from the GNSS receiver, the three-dimensional location data and the inclination data for the range pole in real-time; (f) configuring a virtual level component, implemented by the data collector computer, to use the inclination data to display on the GUI real-time tilt information for the range pole; (g) configuring the data collection module to automatically capture the location data as the system is moved along a site, when the pole is oriented within a predetermined level tolerance of the horizontal distance from level, the captured location data corresponding to a plurality of three-dimensional points; and (h) further configuring the data collection module to store at least a portion of the captured location data, wherein the portion of the captured location data corresponds to points captured at predetermined minimum intervals of distance (distance interval) and time (time interval) relative to one another.
 24. The method of claim 23, further comprising: configuring the virtual level component configured to use the inclination data along with the height of the range pole to calculate and display with the GUI, a horizontal distance and direction to move the top of the range pole to level the GNSS receiver.
 25. The method of claim 24, further comprising configuring the virtual level component to calculate the horizontal distance using the formula: incline=sqrt(xtilt*xtilt+ytilt*ytilt) where, xtilt=the inclination data for the range pole along the x axis, ytilt=the inclination data for the range pole along the y axis, and horizontaldistancefromlevel=rh*sin(incline) where, rh=the height of the range pole.
 26. The method of claim 25, further comprising configuring the virtual level component to use the inclination data to display on the GUI real-time tilt information for the range pole in the form of a virtual bubble level indicator.
 27. The method of claim 23, further comprising configuring the collection module to implement an accuracy module by: dividing the captured location data into clusters of points (cluster data), wherein each of said clusters includes points separated from one another by less than said time interval; and ranking the cluster data in each of said clusters for accuracy.
 28. The method of claim 27, further comprising configuring the collection module to implement the accuracy module by: storing a highest ranking point of each of said clusters, wherein each of said clusters includes points separated from a previously stored point by more than said distance interval.
 29. The method of claim 28, further comprising configuring the accuracy module to capture and rank the points of each cluster using the algorithm: ReadCurrentGPSPosition(lat, lon, elevation); ReadCurrentTiltSensorValue(x_tilt, y_tilt); incline = acos(cos(xtilt)*cos(ytilt)); if(incline > tilt_tolerance); time_last_out_of_level = current time; else if(incline < incline_best_reading); incline_best_reading = incline; most_level_reading = current GPS Position.


30. The method of claim 29, further comprising configuring the accuracy module to store a highest ranking point of each of said clusters using the algorithm: if((current_time − time_last_out_of_level) > time_tolerance); If(distance between current position and last stored position) > distance_tolerance); StorePoint(most_level_reading).


31. The method of claim 23, further comprising configuring the data collection module to automatically capture the location data as the system is moved along a site, when the pole has been oriented within the predetermined tolerance of the horizontal distance for a predetermined minimum time tolerance. 